Racial inequality in criminal sentencing remains one of the most persistent issues within modern justice systems . Across many countries, particularly in the United States, studies consistently show that people of color —especially Black and Hispanic defendants—receive harsher sentences than their white counterparts for similar crimes. These disparities reveal deep-rooted systemic biases that reflect historical patterns of racial discrimination and unequal treatment under the law. One major factor contributing to racial inequality in sentencing is the presence of implicit bias among law enforcement officers, prosecutors, and judges. Research indicates that people of color are more likely to be perceived as dangerous or less remorseful, leading to tougher charges, fewer plea bargains , and longer prison terms. Mandatory minimum sentences and “three-strikes” laws have also disproportionately affected minority communities, particularly for drug-related offenses, where sentencing guide...